[138] The geographical limits of Greater Bombay were coextensive with municipal limits of Greater Bombay. [260], Water transport in Mumbai consists of ferries, hovercraft and catamarans. [171] The highest rainfall recorded in a single day was 944 mm (37 in) on 26 July 2005. [citation needed] Jews settled in Bombay during the 18th century. In 2008, Mumbai was named an alpha world city. On the West coast are former-textile mills being demolished and skyscrapers built on top. The low sex ratio is partly because of the large number of male migrants who come to the city to work.[314]. [172] The average total annual rainfall is 2,146.6 mm (85 in) for the Island City, and 2,457 mm (97 in) for the suburbs. With the Treaty of Surat (1775), the British formally gained control of Salsette and Bassein, resulting in the First Anglo-Maratha War. The islands were leased to several Portuguese officers during their regime. [221], In the Indian national elections held every five years, Mumbai is represented by six parliamentary constituencies: North, North West, North East, North Central, South Central, and South. The key sectors contributing to the city's economy are: finance, gems & jewellery, leather processing, IT and ITES, textiles, and entertainment. The government-funded institutions include the Jehangir Art Gallery and the National Gallery of Modern Art. The major beaches in Mumbai are Girgaum Chowpatty, Juhu Beach, Dadar Chowpatty, Gorai Beach, Marve Beach, Versova Beach, Madh Beach, Aksa Beach, and Manori Beach. [215] The city played host to the Indian National Congress six times during its The opening ceremony was also held in Mumbai while the finals in Delhi. In the suburbs, the soil cover is largely alluvial and loamy. [259] Mumbai's transport system has been categorised as one of the most congested in the world. [66][67], In the 3rd century BCE, the islands formed part of the Maurya Empire, during its expansion in the south, ruled by the Buddhist emperor Ashoka of Magadha. January 11, 2021: IIT JAM 2021 admit card released. [147], Mumbai is on a narrow peninsula on the southwest of Salsette Island, which lies between the Arabian Sea to the west, Thane Creek to the east and Vasai Creek to the north. The Central Pollution Control Board for the Government of India and the Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai monitor and publicly share real-time air quality data. The Tansa lake supplies water to the western suburbs and parts of the island city along the Western Railway. [87][88] In 1493, Bahadur Khan Gilani of the Bahmani Sultanate attempted to conquer the islands but was defeated. [18] He died on 20 February 2010 without serving his sentence.[19]. Today's top India news headlines, news on Indian politics, elections, government, business, technology, and Bollywood. [7] Greater Mumbai, the area under the administration of the MCGM, has a literacy rate of 94.7%, higher than the national average of 86.7%. The supply from Powai lake, also within the city limits, is used only for agricultural and industrial purposes. It was ranked 10th among the top Universities of India by QS in 2013. [216], The 1960s saw the rise of regionalist politics in Bombay, with the formation of the Shiv Sena on 19 June 1966, out of a feeling of resentment about the relative marginalisation of the native Marathi people in Bombay. [3], The violence was widely reported as having been orchestrated by the Shiv Sena, a Hindu-nationalist political party in Maharashtra. [369] The 2000s saw a growth in Bollywood's popularity overseas. When the Elite Football League of India was introduced in August 2011, Mumbai was noted as one of eight cities to be awarded a team for the inaugural season. Disha workshop for the parents of 6th and 7th standard students of Swami Vivekanand High School. The Mumbai Police is a division of the Maharashtra Police, under the state Home Ministry. [359] Popular English language newspapers published and sold in Mumbai include The Times of India, Mid-day, Hindustan Times, DNA India, and The Indian Express. [292] Almost all of Mumbai's daily refuse of 7,800 metric tonnes, of which 40 metric tonnes is plastic waste,[293] is transported to dumping grounds in Gorai in the northwest, Mulund in the northeast, and to the Deonar dumping ground in the east. [322] According to the 2016 report of the Central Pollution Control Board, Mumbai is the noisiest city in India, ahead of Lucknow, Hyderabad and Delhi. ", "Floristic Survey of Institute of Science, Mumbai, Maharashtra State", "Seismic Hazard estimation for Mumbai City", Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy 1999, "Mumbai floods: Why India's cities are struggling with extreme rainfall", "Will Mumbai flood this year too? Sixteen major languages of India are spoken in Mumbai, with the most common being Marathi and its dialect East Indian; as well as Hindi, Gujarati and English. [1][2] The riots were mainly due to escalations of hostilities after large scale protests by Muslims in reaction to the 1992 Babri Masjid Demolition by Hindu Karsevaks in Ayodhya. Justice Srikrishna indicted those he alleged as largely responsible for the second phase of the bloodshed and to some extent the first, the Shiv Sena. [49] Ali Muhammad Khan, imperial dewan or revenue minister of the Gujarat province, in the Mirat-i Ahmedi (1762) referred to the city as Manbai. GATE 2021 - The admit card of GATE has been released by IIT, Bombay in online mode on January 8 at appsgate.iitb.ac.in. [248] BEST introduced air-conditioned buses in 1998. [246] The BEST operates a total of 4,608 buses[247] with CCTV cameras installed, ferrying 4.5 million passengers daily[233] over 390 routes. [5] [110] [61] Older terms such as Bombayite are also in use. [191] Despite competition from Bangalore, Hyderabad and Pune, Mumbai has carved a niche for itself in the information technology industry. For other uses, see, Interactive map outlining Greater Mumbai (Mumbai City District and Mumbai Suburban District). [371] The city also hosts the Marathi film industry which has seen increased popularity in recent years, and TV production companies. [167] The cooler season from December to February is followed by the hotter season from March to May. [123][124], After India's independence in 1947, the territory of the Bombay Presidency retained by India was restructured into Bombay State. [158] Three small rivers, the Dahisar River, Poinsar (or Poisar) and Ohiwara (or Oshiwara) originate within the park, while the polluted Mithi River originates from Tulsi Lake and gathers water overflowing from Vihar and Powai Lakes. [384] [213], Mumbai had been a traditional stronghold and birthplace of the Indian National Congress, also known as the Congress Party. [329] Mumbai is also home to the largest population of Parsi Zoroastrians in the world,[citation needed] numbering about 60,000 though with a sharply declining population. Read 151 Student Reviews, 12 comments. [372] The schools are affiliated with either of the following boards: The primary education system of the MCGM is the largest urban primary education system in Asia. The success of the British campaign in the Deccan marked the end of all attacks by native powers. [258] Though 88% of the city's commuters travel by public transport, Mumbai still continues to struggle with traffic congestion. Subsequently, the city became the capital of Bombay State. The Mumbai Leg of Pro Kabaddi is held at the NSCI, Worli. In 1960, following the Samyukta Maharashtra Movement, a new state of Maharashtra was created with Bombay as the capital.[28]. [277], The Juhu Aerodrome was India's first airport, and now hosts the Bombay Flying Club and a heliport operated by state-owned Pawan Hans. The Hindu Margazhi Classical Music Competition: Nachiketa Sharma Miganakallu, first prize in Konnakol, 20-40 years January 21, 2021 13:35 IST Updated: January 21, 2021 13:35 IST Schools in Mumbai are either "municipal schools" (run by the MCGM) or private schools (run by trusts or individuals), which in some cases receive financial aid from the government. [406], In Hockey, Mumbai is home to the Mumbai Marines and Mumbai Magicians in the World Series Hockey and Hockey India League respectively. [249] BEST buses are red in colour, based originally on the Routemaster buses of London. Mumbai also has a special Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (TADA) court for people accused of conspiring and abetting acts of terrorism in the city. [127] The States Reorganisation Committee recommended a bilingual state for Maharashtra–Gujarat with Bombay as its capital in its 1955 report. [3], The violence was widely reported as having been orchestrated by D-Company and their associates with the help of local Muslims. Matches in the city are played at the Mahindra Hockey Stadium.[407][408]. The riots were mainly due to escalations of hostilities after large scale protests by Muslims in reaction to the 1992 Babri Masjid Demolition by Hindu Karsevaks in Ayodhya.. [218] The Congress had dominated the politics of Bombay from independence until the early 1980s, when the Shiv Sena won the 1985 Bombay Municipal Corporation elections. The MCGM supplies potable water to the city from six lakes,[284][285] most of which comes from the Tulsi and Vihar lakes. [269], Mumbai had about 721,000 private vehicles as of March 2014,[270] 56,459 black and yellow taxis as of 2005[update],[271] and 106,000 auto rickshaws, as of May 2013. [12]Bal Thackeray, the then-leader of the Shiv Sena, was arrested in July 2000 for his complicity in the riots and for 'inflammatory writings' that may have helped propagate the riots. [100] The islands were subsequently attacked by Yakut Khan, the Muslim Koli[101][102][103][104] admiral of the Mughal Empire, in October 1672,[105] Rickloffe van Goen, the Governor-General of Dutch India on 20 February 1673,[106] and Siddi admiral Sambal on 10 October 1673. [134] In August 1979, a sister township of New Bombay was founded by the City and Industrial Development Corporation (CIDCO) across the Thane and Raigad districts to help the dispersal and control of Bombay's population. This led filmmaking to new heights in terms of quality, cinematography and innovative story lines as well as technical advances such as special effects and animation. [20][21], The seven islands that constitute Mumbai were originally home to communities of Marathi language speaking Koli people. Mumbai is also home to National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), Jamnalal Bajaj Institute of Management Studies (JBIMS), Narsee Monjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), S P Jain Institute of Management and Research, Tata Institute of Social Sciences (TISS) and several other management schools. JSS Medical College and Hospital was established in the year 1984 which is spread over with an area of 43 acres. [228][229][230] In the 2012 municipal corporation elections, out of the 227 seats, the Shiv Sena-BJP alliance secured 107 seats, holding power with the support of independent candidates in the MCGM, while the Congress-NCP alliance bagged 64 seats. [231] The tenure of the mayor, deputy mayor, and municipal commissioner is two and a half years. [98], In accordance with the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668, England leased these islands to the English East India Company in 1668 for a sum of £10 per annum. [92] They called the islands by various names, which finally took the written form Bombaim. [264] The Eastern Freeway was opened in 2013. [27][117] On 16 April 1853, India's first passenger railway line was established, connecting Bombay to the neighbouring town of Thana (now Thane). [312] Mumbai Metropolitan Region was home to 20,748,395 people by 2011. [395] The BARC operates CIRUS, a 40 MW nuclear research reactor at their facility in Trombay. [132], The following decades saw massive expansion of the city and its suburbs. [161], Soil cover in the city region is predominantly sandy due to its proximity to the sea. The Kala Ghoda Arts Festival is an exhibition of a world of arts that encapsulates works of artists in the fields of music, dance, theatre, and films. Mumbai's culture is a blend of traditional festivals, food, music, and theatres. 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